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Reference

Verb words that describe things

Verb forms that describe a noun, like "a broken window", and help build "have done".

All grammar
The ending that carries it
-nud
Called
kesksõnad
participles in an English grammar book

What it is for

  • Four in all, roughly "reading", "having read", "to be read" and "read"
  • They describe a noun, the way "a sleeping baby" does

    • Mobiiltelefoniga tehtud fotod.

      Photos taken with a mobile phone.

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  • Masinal kootud vaip.

    Machine-woven rug.

  • With "to be", they make "has done" and "had done"

    • Riigi elanike arv on kasvanud.

      The country's population has grown.

    • Näkku oli tekkinud uus vistrik.

      A new pimple had appeared on my face.

    • Watch out

    They're everywhere in written Estonian and rare in beginner courses. That's why reading suddenly feels harder than talking around the middle levels.

    Where the course teaches it

    5 units
    • Participles and compound tensesB1Use the perfect and pluperfect, and describe things with participles.
    • The newsB1Follow a news bulletin and sum up a story you've read.
    • When nobody is namedB2Read and write the impersonal Estonian of notices, news and official writing.
    • HistoryB2Tell the story of past events and explain why they mattered.
    • Reading literatureC1Read an Estonian novel and talk about how it's written as well as what happens.

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