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Reference

Done, and it still matters

Like "I have eaten": "to be" plus the -nud word, for things that still matter now.

All grammar
The ending that carries it
-nud
Called
täisminevik
the perfect in an English grammar book

What it is for

  • Built with "to be", never with "to have"

    • Mare on aastaid kiirabis töötanud.

      Mare has worked in the ambulance service for years.

    • Riigi elanike arv on kasvanud.

      The country's population has grown.

  • For when the result matters more than when it happened

Practice these in the app, on words you are learning, with every answer marked. Sign in, it’s free

  • Värviline sügis on kätte jõudnud.

    Colorful autumn has arrived.

  • Käärid on nüriks läinud.

    The scissors have become dull.

  • The -nud word stays the same for every person

    • Ta on saanud eestikeelse hariduse.

      They have received an education in Estonian.

    • Laulupeod on Eestis traditsiooniks saanud.

      Song festivals have become a tradition in Estonia.

    • Watch out

    Where English says "I have eaten", Estonian uses "to be" plus the -nud word. There's no "have" in it at all, so don't go looking for one.

    Where the course teaches it

    1 unit
    • Participles and compound tensesB1Use the perfect and pluperfect, and describe things with participles.

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