Reference

The -nud form

The word behind "have done" and "had done", and a describing word in its own right.

All grammar

The ending that carries it: -nud
Called: mineviku kesksõna; the past participle in an English grammar book

What it is for

With "to be" it makes "have done" and "had done"
- Oled elanud vales.
  You have been living a lie.
- Mulle on alati meeldinud tantsida.
  I have always enjoyed dancing.
Describes something by what it has done, like "a fallen leaf"

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Ilmunud vihik tegi luuletajale palju rõõmu.
The published booklet brought the poet much joy.

Has a twin in -tud for things done to something

Vanaema küpsetatud kook.
Grandma's baked cake.
Laste joonistatud pildid.
Pictures drawn by children.

Watch out

It never changes shape, even in front of a noun, so it's one of the few words that ignores the endings completely. Its cousins in -v and -tav do change, and that's where people mix them up.

Where the course teaches it

1 unit

Talking about yesterdayA2Tell someone what you did yesterday, last week and last year.

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